Does Childhood Background Reflect A Valid Diagnosis Of...

In order for any argument to be dependable, research must take place. Analysis, assessment, and eventually, judgements occur. This however, does not happen until thorough evaluation of reliable sources takes place on behalf of both sides. In order for this assessment to take place, it is important to dwell on the following question: Does childhood background reflects a valid diagnosis of mental or physical problem to an individual later into their adult life. While Side A believes, yes, childhood background reflects a valid diagnosis of mental or physical problem to an individual later into their life, the opposite does not share the same perspective. Side B, on the other hand, thinks no childhood background does not reflect a valid†¦show more content†¦Side B is supported by the famous actress names Drew Berryman she was borned in Los Angeles, she started her acting career at the age seven with her role in E.T.: The Extraterrestrial. Bio set off the claim of what Barrymore title was to people which was, â€Å"Actress Drew Barrymore gained early fame a a child star. She later struggled with substance abuse and notoriety, before reemerging as a talented actress and producer†(Biography.com Editors, 2016). Drews mom was very interested in partying and clubbing when Drew was 13 she was engaging with her moms partying habits which led her to drug addiction and to act violent towards other. In a book name â€Å"How Children Succeed †, by Paul Tough it mentioned, â€Å"More than a quarter of the patients said they had grown up in a household with an alcoholic and drug user;about the same fraction had been beaten as children†(Tough, 2012). She was also influenced to be a drug addict. Bio article titles Drew Barrymore as a successful model, screenwriter, director, producer, and film actress. Although, Drew Barrymore had a tough rough childhood that did not influence her to mental or physical problems in her adult life. One important point t o consider is that poverty in an individual s childhood can cause mental and physical problems towards their adult life. According, to the Urban Institution written by Caroline Ratcliffe she claims that, â€Å" Many of theses children struggle academically, doShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pagescharacterized by anxiety over losing semen. (p. 74) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ Although it is not an exact science, the measurement of the bumps on a person’s head can be used to determine the person’s personality traits. (p. 80) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ An objective test of personality is one that does not require any subjective judgments on the part of the person taking the test. (p. 84) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ One of the most widely used personality tests asks people to interpret what they see in a series of inkblots. (p. 88) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ People in weight-loss programsRead MoreAbnormal Psy Essay10046 Words   |   41 PagesDefault Information Field: Difficulty Information Field: Page Information Field: Type Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No Chapter: Chapter 1: Introduction: Definitional and Historical Considerations and Canadas Mental Health System Multiple Choice 1. An illustration of abnormal behaviour would be: A) Soiling oneself once a month at age 14. B) Experiencing anxiety when engaged in rituals after leaving the house. C) Losing control of oneself inRead MoreDevelopment At Different Stages Of The Life Span Of An Individual Essay2311 Words   |  10 Pageslonger able to look after her children. She has asked her mother Ina to take responsibility for her children’s welfare and let them stay with her during school days so that they can focus on their studies without being interrupted by their parent’s problems. 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High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? (pg. 425, Effects of Homeless on Health) Health care is usually crisis oriented and sought in emergencyRead MoreIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 Pagesbrings in a valid social status and heightened positive self-esteem. On the contrary, if the enactment of the role is unsatisfactory and is incongruent with the expectations assigned to the role then the individual can undergo distress. However, the social attributes which are ascribed to the self- like gender, race, ethnicity, etc. often function as â€Å"master statuses†( Stryker) as in certain circumstances they tend to override the self-defining attributes of an individual. 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William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1320 Words

Shakespeare is thought to be on of the most superior playwrights in history as proven throughout Romeo and Juliet. Although this may seem like a play just about the Montagues and Capulets detesting one another and their teen children loving one another, it’s about so much more. Throughout the play, Shakespeare starts off with a simple explanation of love through Romeo’s eyes yet as the play proceeds on, it’s obvious that Shakespeare actually had another meaning of love in mind for Romeo. As confusing as this seems, it’s rather simple for one to wrap their mind around when reading the complex words of Shakespeare. Written no less that 400 years ago, the words of Shakespeare are still well known by high school teenage students everywhere and†¦show more content†¦This means that Rosaline is beautiful but it will all be for nothing because when she dies, her beauty will go to as with her virginity because she plans to remain chaste forever and to neve r be in a relationship - crushing Romeo’s dreams of being with her. This quote from Romeo shows that he is only really looking at Rosaline’s beauty and admiring it, not her personality, which isn’t really love. This may entail that Romeo isn’t actually in love with her, but with the idea of being in love. Another hint at this can be described in Act I, Scene 5 when Romeo not only states yet proclaims, â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.† When he’s speaking of Juliet. All of a sudden, Rosaline is expelled from Romeo’s mind and, just by a glance at Juliet, Romeo is infatuated with her. This is meant to show the theme of love but one can easily argue that it’s not Romeo falling in love. Not yet at least. Romeo’s first acts of true love aren’t until later on in the play but Shakespeare used Act I to set the scene and lay the theme of love into the l isteners (and now readers,) minds. The first time that it’s hinted that Romeo might actually find true interest in Juliet and not interest in her beauty or interest in just being in love is in Act II, the balcony scene. In Act II Scene 2, Romeo says, â€Å"But, soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and

Marketing Audit Toyota Company

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Audit Toyota Company. Answer: Introduction Toyota Motors Corporation is Japanese Multinational Corporation and one of the largest companies in all across the globe. The major competitors of the company are General motors, Volkswagen Group and Ford. It is also a pioneer company which sells hybrid electric vehicles and passenger car models. It has adopted a unique management philosophy and corporate strategy which is significant in its corporate growth. The management philosophy of the company encompasses lean manufacturing and just in time production which was essential in the development of the corporate philosophy. The Toyota Way 2001 consists of expression of values and guidelines which should be acknowledged by all the employees of Toyota. These values are mainly based on two principles, namely, respect for people and continuous improvement (Toyota, 2017). The management philosophy of Toyota is based on long term strategy and thinking in all the managerial decisions, creating a holistic approach for problem solving, focusi ng on the human resource development of the organization and identifying the root problems which drive the organization learning. The company is considered as the industry leader in the manufacturing and the production process. It has adopted new technologies and implemented methods to reduce waste and increase the productivity of the organization. It also actively participates in a number of philanthropic activities in education, conservation, safety, and disaster management. With its cutting-edge technology and the corporate strategy, the company has attained a leading position in the automobile sector (Toyota, 2017). In the present report, the current position of the company in the international automobile industry has been examined. The major target markets of the company are explored. The current place of the organization in the automobile industry is evaluated on the basis of the market competition. Industry Trends In Australia, the automobile industry is well-developed and with a large number of international automobile manufacturers operating in the country. All the leading car manufacturers like ford, Toyota and Volkswagen have manufacturing facilities in the country making it one of the few countries which can manufacture cars from scratch (IBIS, 2017). In the recent years, the automotive industry in Australia has observed substantial growth with increased with 2% increase in the previous year sales. According to the industry statistics, there is a continuous shift in the consumer preference which in inclining towards the light commercial vehicle. In 2016, the top-selling product in Australia was Hilux followed by incremental sales in SUVs (Legget, 2017). It shows that there has been a dynamic shift in the consumer preference towards light commercial vehicle, SUVs and dual cab facilitates. The customers give emphasis on performance and comfort attributes in their vehicles. The competition i n the Australian car manufacturing companies is intense as a number of leading multinational organizations have entered the Australian market and offering more than 400 models adapted according to the taste of the Australian customers. Although the commodity prices are reducing all across the globe, the Australian automobile industry is observing a substantial growth. In Australia, Toyota is the market leader, followed by Mazda, Hyundai and Holden. In 2016, the market share of Toyota was about 17.8%, market share of Mazda was about 10% and the market share of Hyundai was 8.6%, and the market share of Holden (8%) and Ford (6.9%) (Legget, 2017; Australian Government, 2017). The PEST analysis is the method of macro environment analysis for an industry. It is used to scrutinize the impact of all the external factors which can impact on the business of an enterprise. In this regard the following section examines the external factors which impacts on the business of the automobile industry. Political Factors: The political factors refers to the laws, regulations security measures and the restrictions which an impact on the companies running under the automotive industry. In the automotive industry, a large number of laws and regulations are applied to control the environmental impact of the automobiles. Recently, various governments have formulated laws to promote the use of hybrid vehicles and eco-friendly emissions (Porter, 2016). The government has also establishes laws to reduce the carbon emission of the companies and produce high mileage cars. Economic Factors: There are a number of economic factors which can impact the business in the automobile industry. It includes the economic growth of the market, exchange rate and the purchasing power of the companies. The demand of the automobiles is tied with the hikes in the oil prices. Moreover, inflation also affects the sales of the automobile industry (Fifield, 2008). Social Factors: The social factors refer to the demographic, geographic and the cultural differences which can impact on the sales of the automobile industry. The changes in the consumer preference and the social trends also impact the sales of the organization. In the automobile industry, the brand image of the company also plays a crucial role in the sales of the organization. As buying cars is a huge investment from the customers, they are concerned about the reputation of the organization and the longevity of the vehicle (Thompson Martin, 2010). Technological Factors: The technological infrastructure and the communication system of a country hugely impacts on the operations and the eventual sales of the organization. The automobile companies are using technology to reduce he carbon emission patterns and reducing the battery life of the automobiles. The technology is also essential for the automobile companies to set up operations plant and managing the supply chain of the companies (Vernon, 2010). Legal Factors: In the automobile industry, the laws related to the environment, foreign investment, taxation laws and export and import laws affect the sales of the company. As Toyota is a foreign organization, the laws related to the multinational companies will be applicable on it (Seibert, 2015). Environmental Factors: The automobile are the major cause of the environmental pollution. Therefore, the government has developed a number of laws to control the emission by the vehicles (Seibert, 2015). Market Segment Toyota has dominant market share in Australia with about 18% market share. The company has retained its number one position by selling more products than any other brand in the country. The company manufactures different cars or products targeted at different customer segments. In Australia, most of the sales of the company are attained by sales of Toyota Corolla. It is a compact car targeted at the middle size target customers (Weinstein, 2013). The compact cars are larger than the smaller cars; however, they are smaller than the average middle size cars of the company. It includes the customer segment in the age-group 18-39 who are adventurous but also concerned about their safety and safety of their family. The target customers are the millennial generation with high personal and professional ambitions. It includes the first-time car buyers who want to have a unique shopping experience with limited budget (MMA, 2017). In Australia, the second most selling vehicle is sedan cars. Although the sales of the sedan cars gas reduced over the years, it is still a strong market for the company. With the sedan cars, the company targets the customers who have to travel long distance frequently. In Australia, the distances between places are high and the public transportation system is not developed (McDonald, 2012). Therefore, the Sedan cars are commonly used by the Australians. The target customers use small businessman, farmers and families. The company tailors its advertising efforts to align them with the local culture so that the customer feels familiar and connect with the brand. The commercials of the company are adapted according to the language, culture and the lifestyle of the people (Dibb Simkin, 2013). Primary Segment and Decision making In the recent years, the primary customer segment of the company has been developed as Toyota Corolla. It is compact car targeted at first time buyers with focus on reliability, durability and quality of the products. According to the target customer base, the company has taken many decisions in the marketing activities (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). As the targeted customer base include families and the professionals in the millennial generation, the marketing strategy of the company promotes Corolla cars as the next generation hip hop car with emphasis on the comfort and the safety of the passengers. Competition In comparison to other markets such as Europe and the United States of America, the market of Australia is comparatively smaller. However, most of the leading car manufacturing companies of the world have manufacturing plants in the country. In addition to it, there are a number of local manufacturers and cheap importers which have increased the competition in the Australian automobile industry (Long, 2013). However, with the limited amount of sales in the country, most of the leading car manufacturing organizations such as Ford, Toyota and Holden and decided to close their manufacturing plants in the country and import vehicles from other countries (Dowling, 2015). Moreover, there are also a large number of local or small scale vehicle producers in Australia which have a smaller market segment. However, in spite of the immense competition, Toyota remains the leading automobile organization cross the globe. After Toyota Corolla, SUVs of the company showed spike in their sales ratio. From the last year, SUVs have grown a total of 15.9% in sales and covers a total of 35.4 % market share in the net automobile sector (Dowling, 2015). Although Toyota has the market leader in the automobile sales, it is closely followed by Mazda. The company is a full-importer and has adopted extensive marketing campaigns to reach this position. The sales of the company have boosted up to 13 % from the last year performance which shows high positivity in the sales of the company. Therefore, Mazda is a strong contender of the market leader position (Federal Chamber of Automotive Industry, 2014). Mitsubishi has secured the third position in the Australian Automobile market, with its cost effective models and cars. Honda has also launched a very popular model HR-V which has boosted the sales of the organization by around 21.5% (Dowling, 2015). In this section, an analysis of the organization has been conducted to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. It can be critiqued that Toyota has utilized its resources effectively and attained the position of market leader. The primary strengths of the company are its strong brand image, global supply chain and the rapid innovation ability. Its stance towards the environment and the society also has been crucial in uplifting the brand image of the organization. It is one of the oldest and the strongest brand in the automobile industry (Ferguson, 2017). The global supply chain of the company is also critical in creating a competitive advantage for the company. With the global supply chain, the company has also reduced the market based risks. It has organization culture which emphasizes on rapid innovation which increases the customer loyalty and develops long-term competitive advantage (Toyota Tsusho, 2017). Toyota is one of the leading automobile organizations across the globe. Over the years, the company has established one of the most efficient and proficient manufacturing and production process. However, there are certain weaknesses in the operations of the organization. There are certain internal strategic factors which create hurdles in the strategic growth of the organization. It includes the hierarchal organization structure of Toyota, lack of transparency in the organization culture and weakened brand image due to a number of product recalls over the years (Hierarchy Structure, 2017). The hierarchal structure of the organization reduces the flexibility of the global operations (Jurevicius, 2016). The company follows its long tradition and has not yet adopted the culture of organization transparency which has negatively impacted on the productivity of the organization. It also increases the response time in case of emerging problems. The product recall conducted by the company ha s also negatively impacted on the brand image of the company. It has also consumed the management capacity of the organization which can be used for the business production. Positioning map for Organization In the present section, the relative quality and price of Toyota in relation to its competitors has been examined. Figure: Positioning Map of Toyota (Source: https://forums.swedespeed.com/showthread.php?406377-Is-Volvo-a-Luxury-Car) The primary customer segment for the organization is the millennial generation who are first time car buyers. The company targets the price-sensitive customers who are want maximum value at reasonable process. Therefore, the prices of the automobile of the company are relatively low. The company is famous for the reliability, quality and the durability of the products. The major competitors of the company are Honda and Ford which are placed under the same quadrant as that of Toyota (Ciferri, 2007). It means that the quality delivered by all these companies is relatively high; however, the prices of the products are low. Toyota does not target the luxury market and the affluent customers. Companies such as Mercedes, BMW and Audi target the luxury market. The prices of the product are relatively high than other companies. The quality delivered is in accordance to the prices charged to the customers (Stewart Raman, 2007). It could be examined from the above discussion that the quality of the product is essential in driving its sales. The company has also adapted its marketing strategy in accordance to its target customers. It tries to deliver robust and high quality products at low price. Moreover, the organization is also critical in its manufacturing processes. It has implemented a number of technologies to increase the overall productivity and reducing the waste emission of the organization. Conclusion Toyota is one of the oldest and largest automobile business organizations in the world. It is headquartered in Japan and operates all across the globe. It has captured various international markets such as Australia, America and the European market. In the Australian market, the company has achieved the market dominant position. It is followed by Ford, Volkswagen Group, General Motors and Mazda. Toyota has achieved the prime position due to Corolla car sales. It is a compact car and targeted at middle-class millennial population. In the recent years, the sales of the company have increased immensely. It is due to the immense popularity of the specific car model. Followed by the Corolla car, the SUV cars of the company have attained high growth rates. These cars of the company are targeted at small-scale businessman and farmers. The company has adapted its marketing strategy according to the local customers and the target customers. The relative position of the company can be identifi ed as high quality and value-based pricing. References Australian Government. (2017). Automotive: About the automotive industry. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://industry.gov.au/industry/IndustrySectors/automotive/Pages/default.aspx Ciferri, L. (2007). Toyota balances low cost with quality. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://europe.autonews.com/article/20070917/ANE/70914046/toyota-balances-low-cost-with-quality Dibb, S., Simkin, L. (2013). Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen. Routledge. Dowling, J. (2015). Who killed the car industry? The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2017 from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/who-killed-the-car-industry-20151112-gkx1c8.html Federal Chamber of Automotive Industry. (2014). Consumers benefit from Australias competitive car market. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.fcai.com.au/news/index/index/year/2014/month/all/article/364 Ferguson, E. (2017). Toyotas SWOT Analysis Recommendations. Panmore Institute. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://panmore.com/toyota-swot-analysis-recommendations Fifield, P. (2008). Marketing Strategy. Routledge. Hierarchy Structure. (2017). Toyota Company Hierarchy. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.hierarchystructure.com/toyota-company-hierarchy/ IBIS. (2017). Automotive Industry in Australia. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/thematic-reports/automotive-industry.html Jurevicius, O. (2016). SWOT analysis of Toyota. Strategic Management Insight. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/toyota-swot-analysis.html Legget, D. (2017). Australia car sales hit record in 2016. Just Auto. Retrieved 2 April 2017 from https://www.just-auto.com/news/australia-car-sales-hit-record-in-2016_id174208.aspx Long, D. (2013). Perfect competition and the Australian car industry. OnLine Opinion. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=15870 McDonald, M. (2012). Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It. John Wiley Sons. MMA. (2017). Toyota Corolla: Corolla Style. Retrieved 2 April 2017 from https://www.mmaglobal.com/case-study-hub/case_studies/view/31757 Porter, I. (2016). The government's car crash of an automotive Policy. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.smh.com.au/comment/the-governments-car-crash-of-an-automotive-policy-20160110-gm32yn.html Seibert, J. (2015). How Outside Forces Are Affecting The Automobile Industry. Value Line. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Commentaries/How_Outside_Forces_Are_Affecting_The_Automobile_Industry.aspx#.WOHBF1WGPIU Stewart, T.A., Raman, A.P. (2007). Lessons from Toyotas Long Drive. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://hbr.org/2007/07/lessons-from-toyotas-long-drive Thompson, J.L., Martin, F., (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Toyota Tsusho. (2017). For Individual Investors. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/ir/individual/adva Toyota. (2017). The Company. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/company Vernon, P. (2010). How Technology Is Changing The Automotive Industry In 2016. Manufacturing Business Technology. Retrieved 3 April 2017 from https://www.mbtmag.com/article/2016/03/how-technology-changing-automotive-industry-2016 Wedel, M., Kamakura, W.A. (2012). Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations. Springer Science Business Media. Weinstein, A. (2013). Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology Firms, Third Edition. London: Routledge.

SLAVERY Essays - Slavery In The United States, Abolitionism

SLAVERY Modern research seems to prove what novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe said with her 1859 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The dehumanizing experience of slavery affects every member of society. Many African American humans were really affected by slavery. Slavery was a problem that faced all Americans in the years prior to the American Civil War. Many Americans wanted to bring about an end to it but were unable to come up with a workable plan. Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade-Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in that is now called the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. Slavery was a practice which was much favored by the South. In the North, Americans were more industrial oriented, and had little use for slaves. The woman slaves usually worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas the men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Slaves were of all ages and sexes so the young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. The slaves made up nearly a third of the South's population around the year of 1860. Their was nearly 4 million slaves in the southern states. As you can see slavery was very common in the southern states. George Washington was America's hero. He was America's first president. He was a slave owner. He deplored slavery but did not release his slaves. His will stated that they would be released after the death of his wife. Washington wasn't the only president to have slaves. Thomas Jefferson wrote, "All men are created equal," but died leaving his blacks in slavery. Owners housed their slaves and provided them with food and clothing. Field hands worked long hard days, longer than any other slaves. Their workday generally lasted from sunrise to sunset. Some of these slaves were housed as well as free workers, but many others were lived under the worst conditions. Most house slaves lived with in their owner's home. They worked fewer hours and had more privileges than did the field hands, but were more subject to the wishes of the owners families. No Southern State gave slaves the legal right to marry, own property, testify in court, or earn their freedom. If the slave disobeyed, the owner replied on punishment, such as lashings, short rations, and threats to sell members of the slave's family. These punishment you can imagine was a very unequal contest, the owners held all the powers of reward and punishment. The slaves although used flattery, sabotage, and many other tactics to outwit their owners. As slavery continued and as it did more and more slaves tried to escape to the free states or into Canada. A runaway slave would be found by bloodhounds, that were trained to find black slaves. Then the slave, upon returning, would be executed or severely whipped. The "Underground Railroad" was a project that helped black slaves escape into Canada, especially Amerstburg. The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. During the early 1800's, abolitionists started a crusade to end slavery. Southerners then began to defend slavery in what became known as the proslavery movement. Some Southerners in the movement argued that slavery reflected "the law of nature," that permitted the strong to rule the weak. Southerners also insisted that the Bible supported slavery and still others claimed that Southern slavery provided blacks lifelong security and better living conditions than they would have had in Africa. By 1860, most Southerners identified their honor and destiny with the continuation of slavery. Then in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states the rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. Harriet Beecher Stowe's book, Uncle Tom's Cabin showed all different aspects of what the slaves had to go through and the way they worked with masters at their sides at all times. Harriet Beecher

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks By Mark Nichol This post points out common errors committed when reporting what has been said or written. Each example is followed by a discussion of the problem and a revision that provides a solution. 1. She pointed out that, â€Å"Speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.† The quotation, in isolation, is a complete sentence and is properly capitalized. But when dropped into a sentence, as in the example above, it becomes part of the sentence, just as if it were a paraphrase (â€Å"She pointed out that speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.†) Therefore, a full-sentence quotation integrated into a full sentence like this is demoted and no longer merits capitalization- nor should it be preceded by a comma, because â€Å"she pointed out that† is not an attribution (see the example below pertaining to attribution), because it includes the transitional term that, which is essentially redundant to a comma: â€Å"She pointed out that ‘speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.’† 2. â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused,† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. Similarly, when a quotation is integrated into a sentence at the head of a sentence, omit a comma at the end of the quotation unless it is necessary for the sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. (In the sentence â€Å"She assured us that ‘he is normally very well behaved,’ as if that had anything to do with it,† the comma correctly separates the main clause from the subordinate clause.) 3. Jones screamed â€Å"help me† and â€Å"you’re assaulting me† as the detective forced her into an unmarked car. Quotations that follow an attribution- a phrase that identifies the speaker or writer and explicitly describes the character of the communication with a verb (such as said) and perhaps an adverb (such as â€Å"said sarcastically† or â€Å"said quietly†) or an adverbial phrase (such as â€Å"said as if to a child† or â€Å"said the other day†), are followed by a comma. In addition, when the quotation is a complete sentence, it should be capitalized: â€Å"Jones screamed, ‘Help me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (And, as further edited, an exclamation point should be included when a quotation is described as being delivered with volume or passion, just as a question mark is necessary when asking a question.) If the attribution pertains to more than one quotation, the quotations are treated as a compound phrase (using the generic structure â€Å"[this] and [that]†) and thus an additional comma, after and, is not required: â€Å"Smith screamed, ‘Help me!’ and ‘You’re assaulting me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (Here, unlike in the previous example, punctuation following the quotation is valid because like question marks, exclamation points, which are otherwise interchangeable with commas, provide contextual information that commas do not.) (This post about attribution and quotations is one of many at DailyWritingTips.com that discuss the topics; search the site using the keywords â€Å"attribution† and â€Å"quotations† for more information.) 4. His next comment chilled me, â€Å"We will be watching everything you do.† When what appears to be an attribution is self-contained- structured as a complete thought- the quotation should be set off from the phrase by a colon rather than a comma: â€Å"His next comment chilled me: ‘We will be watching everything you do.’† 5. I heard someone utter the words, â€Å"I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.† When a quotation is preceded by a phrase that provides context but is not a formal attribution, no punctuation should precede it: â€Å"I heard someone utter the words ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.’† (This error implies that those words are the only words; see the next example for more details.) 6. In this issue, we explore the question, â€Å"Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?† The inclusion of a comma here incorrectly implies that a reference has been made in a previous sentence to a specific question, which is explicitly reproduced in this sentence; the resulting implication is that only one question exists, and this is it. But here, â€Å"the question† and the quotation that constitutes the question are appositives- two ways to describe an idea (here, a generic description of a thing- a question- and a specific reproduction of the thing)- and should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"In this issue, we explore the question ‘Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?’ 7. How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say I’m not going to reheat this. You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† In this passage, â€Å"I’m not going to reheat this† is a conjectural statement the writer is proposing that reader might say at some point. Even though the reader may not actually speak it or write it, the writer should style it as a quotation- and treat you have to say as an attribution: â€Å"How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say, ‘I’m not going to reheat this.’ You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Role of Women in WWII essays

Role of Women in WWII essays When I previously thought about the participants of World War I, I imagined brave, young men fighting fearlessly for the country they believed in. I envisioned the war fields dotted with machinery, trenches and fortresses that helped to protect the heroic men who fought continuously until the end. I pictured the victorious soldiers returning home to accepting and joyous companions whom they had been away from for so long. Not once did I think of the women volunteering for the war. I figured they simply sat at home praying for the safe return of their loved men. However, in closer examination of The Great War, I have learned of my naivety. In reality, women were as much a part of the war as were men. Although women played distinctly different roles, their experiences were often virtually indistinguishable to those of their male comrades. For example, women and men had the same pressure put upon them to volunteer for the war. Once involved in the war, both genders were forced to question their previous beliefs and their learned virtues while discovering that this great war wasnt what had been expected. Men and women had to suffer from extremely horrible living conditions, face the fact that they were simply a number to the country they were fighting so valiantly for and learn to psychologically deal with experiences nobody had ever fathomed before. And when those who were lucky enough to survive returned home, they had to reevaluate their relationships with those they had left behind, often times discovering that the only thing that war had provided was an uncertain future. I often wonder if as many men and women would have volunteered for the war if they had known what they were up against beforehand. Deductive reasoning tends to tell us they would have been more reluctant, but the pressures from their countries were so intense that many may not have had much of a choice but to enlist. Volunteers entere...

Extracurricular activties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Extracurricular activties - Essay Example However, some of the private schools make extracurricular activities mandatory so as to create a more â€Å" well rounded student† (Allen 56-58). This seems to contradict the main definition of extra-curricular activities which are meant to be voluntary, but it is also an obligation for all the students to participate in an extracurricular activity of their choice. Extra curricular activities have positive effects on the student’s creativity, behavior and enhanced racial and economic diversity, but technology has negatively impacted student participation and some of the students feel left out of these activities. There are numerous benefits that students can get from extracurricular activities. These are the activities that students participate in but do not fall into the realm of normal curriculum activities. The extracurricular activities are totally voluntary so students that do not want to participate in them to not have to. They allow students to apply the knowledg e that they have learned and acquire new concepts from these activities. The positive effect of extracurricular activities includes good behavior, better grades in school and positive attitude towards life. Students who participate is extracurricular activities have reduced behavior problems. ... Extra curricular activities offer an open opportunity for anybody to portray his or her own skills in any the clubs that they enroll in. The students who indulge in such activities come from different ethnic and racial backgrounds. It is through in this platform that these people are able to interact with each other so that they can share some of their cultural background with one another (Barbieri 45-48). For example, a football team can have players who come from different ethnic and racial backgrounds but are able to play together as a team. Extra curricular activities helps to embrace cultural diversity as people from different cultures are able to enjoy the one thing that brings them together. The extracurricular activities that may be offered at a certain school may require the students who participate to meet certain requirements (Rugg 34-35). For example, to be able to join the debate club, you need to be a good orator, to be able to join football or rugby or football, you ne ed to be physically fit and masculine : these are just but of the few extracurricular activities that require the participants to meet certain standards. This makes some of the students who would want to join this clubs but not meet the requirements needed feel left out of some of the extracurricular activities and are forced to be spectators. Conversely, some of the students who join some of these clubs may face discrimination or ridicule and end up giving up any extracellular activities. The technological advancement that has been witnessed around the world is phenomenal. Virtually, every student has frequent access to the either a computer device or the internet. However, this has greatly affected the

Levers of Control, Balanced Scorecard 1, Non-Financial Performance Article

Levers of Control, Balanced Scorecard 1, Non-Financial Performance Measures - Article Example The writers say that there are still a lot of firms which do not realize the importance of nonfinancial performance measures and have no such procedures to measure them, on other hand there are many others which only use off the shelf procedures and frameworks for measuring it and do not dig deep to track the activities which actually affect the framework. Companies make many mistakes in using these off-the-shelf and even their own frameworks one of which is that they do not link the measures to the strategy and don’t know that which nonfinancial performance measure they should track. In their research they found that only 30% firms have developed their own causal models which develop cause-and-effect relationship between chosen drivers of strategic success and outcomes. Second mistakes the companies make is that even after developing causal models they do not validate the link between the selected measures and strategy, i.e. afterwards they do not examine the results to verif y that if their selected measure is actually contributing towards the goal or not, or to what extent it is effective for achieving goal, so that it may be weighed accordingly and thus they remain fail to determine the relative importance of each measure and resultantly they fail in proper allocation of resources. During their research they found that out the firms that develop causal models, only 21% of them validated the link between measures and strategy. The third mistake made by the firms is that they do not establish right performance targets. Because right performance is only beneficial or fruitful upto a certain extent and after that point it produces diminishing or even negative returns, so it’s very important to set a level for right performance so that resources are not wasted into non-productive or counterproductive activities and may be directed towards more productive factors. Fourthly, about 70% of the firms that build causal models and validate links between se lected measures and strategy and set right performance targets, adopt such metrics to measure the results which lack statistical validity and reliability. To solve the four problems discussed above writers have lined a six step procedure according to which; firstly, a causal model should be developed on the basis of the hypothesis in the strategic plan. Secondly, firm should pull up the useful data from already available data and by using all of the available data and systems of all of the departments. Thirdly, collected data should be turned into information by using different statistical tools and models. Fourthly, ongoing reassessment of results should be done regularly and causal model should be refined accordingly because effectiveness of different activities goes on changing with the passage of time and new activities/ factors keep on emerging. At fifth, results and conclusions of data analysis should be used in decision making and for future planning. Finally, results and out comes should be assessed to see the effectiveness of action plans. The writers are right in concluding that nonfinancial performance measures are more effective if they are based on more sophisticated qualitative and quantitative inquiries into the factors actually contributing to the economic results. The article â€Å"How new top managers use control systems as levers of strategic renewal†

Enron Analysis Essay Example for Free

Enron Analysis Essay Think about the demand for the three popular game consoles: Xbox, PS3 and Wii. Explain the effect of the following event on the demand for Xbox games, and the quantity of Xbox games demanded, other things remaining the same. a) The price falls b) The price of a PS3 and a Wii fall c) The number of people writing and producing Xbox games increases d) Consumers income increase e) Programmers who write codes for Xbox games become more costly to hire f) The price of an Xbox game is expected to fall g) A new game console is developed and marketed that is a close substitute to Xbox ) Increases b) Decrease c) Increase d) Increase e) Decrease f) Decrease g) Decrease 2. Read Oswald, A (2001) â€Å"Economics that matters: Using the Tax System to Solve the Shortage of Human Organs† Kyklos Vol 54 (2-3), 379-81, available from the subject eLearning website and discuss his proposal for reducing deaths due to the shortage of organs for transplant. In your discussion, use terms such as supply, demand, quantity supplied, quantity demanded, and draw demand/supply diagrams to clarify your discussion. The supply of organs from organ donor’s does not meet the demand of organ’s. There is a huge shortage of donors, which poses a massive problem. In a perfect world, the quantity demanded would meet the quantity supplied and the market for organs would be in equilibrium, as in the following graph: Oswald suggests that a tax bracket/incentive could bring supply and demand closer together. As in the UK, the quantity of organs demanded is 6000 and the quantity supplied is only 3000. A tax incentive will be an economic cost, yet the benefits are great and may cancel out the extra cost to taxpayers.

Ethics and Education :: Free Essays Online

Ethics and Education Before one decides whether or not morals should be a standard part of American public school education, one first must figure out what the purpose of education is. This is a difficult question to answer. Some would say that the purpose of education is to learn facts. Others would add to that and say that one's education should include facts and ideas. Perhaps the goal of education is to create well rounded people who are prepared to face the world around them. Perhaps education should be the pursuit of truth, however, in order to pursue truth, one must also define verity. How do you say which, or who's morals are true or untrue? An important aspect of defining education is deciding what areas of a person's education must be acquired in school, and what areas should be learned elsewhere. The area of morals is sticky in this respect. It is very difficult to know where to draw the line. When deciding this one must figure out where the responsibility of parents ends and where responsibility begins for teachers. One could argue that teachers have the task of being educators and parents the job of care-giving, so therefore all learning, including morals should occur within the schools. This is difficult to say though, because the line between teaching and care-giving is also fuzzy. Part of care-giving is making sure that one's child does not hurt him or her self or others, and that involves teaching. Similarly, part of teaching is making sure that the child is able to learn, which involves care-giving. In modern day society children spend a very large percentage of their time in school, and perhaps to enough time at home for their parents to effectively instill all the morals they need to learn in order to be ethical human beings. Because of this it could be argued that it is the responsibility of schools to teach morals in order for their to be any kind of ethical society at all. By not actively teaching morals it is possible that schools are passively teaching to be immoral. Another question to be raised is whether or not morals need to be learned in order ro function in other areas of education. If this is the case, then another question is whether or not the schools should be responsible for instilling those morals, or if they should expect the Ethics and Education :: Free Essays Online Ethics and Education Before one decides whether or not morals should be a standard part of American public school education, one first must figure out what the purpose of education is. This is a difficult question to answer. Some would say that the purpose of education is to learn facts. Others would add to that and say that one's education should include facts and ideas. Perhaps the goal of education is to create well rounded people who are prepared to face the world around them. Perhaps education should be the pursuit of truth, however, in order to pursue truth, one must also define verity. How do you say which, or who's morals are true or untrue? An important aspect of defining education is deciding what areas of a person's education must be acquired in school, and what areas should be learned elsewhere. The area of morals is sticky in this respect. It is very difficult to know where to draw the line. When deciding this one must figure out where the responsibility of parents ends and where responsibility begins for teachers. One could argue that teachers have the task of being educators and parents the job of care-giving, so therefore all learning, including morals should occur within the schools. This is difficult to say though, because the line between teaching and care-giving is also fuzzy. Part of care-giving is making sure that one's child does not hurt him or her self or others, and that involves teaching. Similarly, part of teaching is making sure that the child is able to learn, which involves care-giving. In modern day society children spend a very large percentage of their time in school, and perhaps to enough time at home for their parents to effectively instill all the morals they need to learn in order to be ethical human beings. Because of this it could be argued that it is the responsibility of schools to teach morals in order for their to be any kind of ethical society at all. By not actively teaching morals it is possible that schools are passively teaching to be immoral. Another question to be raised is whether or not morals need to be learned in order ro function in other areas of education. If this is the case, then another question is whether or not the schools should be responsible for instilling those morals, or if they should expect the

A Heritage Of Smallness

The Philippine population increases much faster than our economy. Our country indeed has been as slow as snail when it comes to the aspect of development. It takes a lot of years, even decades for us to be able to take a leap towards one step of modernization. Other countries like for example our neighbor, Singapore, which has been colonized by other more powerful country had been able to get up and make them selves more productive. But throughout the years, the Philippines had remained stagnant with their status in the world. Instead o becoming more globally competitive, we tend to just always sit down and relax and just accept the fact that our development is deteriorating. In Nick Joaquin's essay, â€Å"A Heritage of Smallness†, he emphasized how the Filipino people can be so much contented with all that is small, all that is little and all that is just enough. A child who was born from a poor family would most likely be poor for the rest of his life. It would be a common scenario that they, too, will adopt the way of living of their parents. Instead of finding a way for them to have money, they will be contented and just continue blaming whoever they want to blame. â€Å"What most astonishes foreigners on the Philippines is that this is a country, perhaps the only one in the world, where people buy and sell one stick of cigarette, half a head of garlic, a dab of pomade, part of the contents of a can or bottle, one single egg, one single banana.† — This statement without a doubt confirms the Filipino mentality when it comes to finding a source of living. Yes, on the brighter side, it may show or represent how the Filipinos are willing to do anything and everything to have money. But what Nick Joaquin probably wants us, Filipinos to do is that we should think of a realistic and achievable way for us to have money. A way wherein we would be able to suffice our everyday needs and at the same time save money. If for example, a cigarette vendor sells P1.25 per one stick of cigarette. If let's say that he was able to sell 100 sticks for the day. His income for the day would only be P125.00. This is just enough for a man without a family to support. But what if this cigarette vendor has a wife and has 3 children? How will he be able to meet the needs of his family and at the same time save money? Impossible! This man would most likely still be a cigarette vendor after ten years. We see, this kind of mentality of being too laidback is the reason why we are still suffering from slow economic growth for a long time. Even those in our government have been so lax thus, nothing is happening to our economy. It was also mentioned in the essay that the Filipino's day starts at six or seven in the morning and ends up sometimes late. Unlike other countries whose day would start at around nine or ten in the morning and ends at exactly 5 pm. But despite this difference, they still â€Å"pile up more mileage than we who work all day and all week†. This is one of the mind-bugling realities of the Filipino Life. What do we really do when we are at work? Are we really that productive? Or are we just pretending to work just because of the salary at stake? Next is the Filipino's NINGAS-KUGON mentality. We are â€Å"used only to the small effort, we are not, as a result, capable of sustained effort and lose momentum fast†. The Filipino people are very much eager to work just for the first couple of months, first couple of weeks or even for just the first couple of days. We lack the willingness to prolong our level of zealousness to work. The reason behind that is we are so impatient. We always want an easy way to everything. Which, I guess is such a lame reason for us to work. We should always develop a vision of the future and continuously strive to attain it. Isn't it that most employees transfer from one firm to the other? There most common reason would be that they are not happy with their work. But the question is, when are they going to be happy with their work? IF they are already old and the firms are the ones who throws them out for the business needs younger ones? Our love for our culture and tradition hold us back hence, hindering us from further development. â€Å"One could go on and on with his litany† — This means that it is the people's choice whether they want us to grow our not. We often make the past colonization of our country as an excuse that we were greatly influenced by foreign ideas that is why we have difficulty in moving on and reaching for modernization. But since we know this dilemma, why won't we figure out a way to unlock the chains of colonization that has been hampering our maturity as a nation? Filipinos talk too much that they forget that they have a lot of catching up to do. They are too busy boasting about things that would not contribute to any aspect of the society. If we talk less and work more, then I guess that will make a great difference. What is happening in our country is that instead of making extra effort to be able to be globally competitive, we think less and less because we are stopped by the thought of not actually making it. We have plenty of natural resources. All we have to do is to think creatively for us to be able to develop something that would catch the attention of the world. We all know that there are lots of Filipino people who are skillful in so many fields. What we need to do is to not stop at one invention. We should be always challenged. Never stop creating new things. We should make the world know that we can be something and not just a mere source of their raw materials. Lastly, the thing I'd like to point out is the fact that the Philippines, despite the relatively large and growing population, always â€Å"splits like amoeba†. Instead of working hand in hand for our country, we have this crab mentality wherein we always want to pull successful people down. This, I may say is such an obvious factor why we are getting smaller and smaller. For example, in politics, we usually split into groups and continuously find a way to let others down. We don't get anything advantageous from that. We just scare away foreign investors who, in reality are the ones who can help us in our present economic endeavor. To sum this all up, I'd like to reiterate two things. First is that we, the Filipinos should strive for the betterment of ourselves as well as of our country and be not just contented with what we have – We all should learn to aim high. And secondly, instead of always splitting into groups, we should learn to be cooperative and work hand in hand for the development of our country. Let us avoid making excuses that a big crowd is too much to handle. Let us be optimistic. Let us put in mind that a big crowd means there would be a lot of manpower that would build up and invigorate a once sleeping nation.

Booting and Question

Question 1 Question1 You want to allow users to access the CD-RW device on your machine from any other host on the network via NFS. Further, you only want them to have read-only access to the device. Which line should you add to the /etc/exports file to allow this? a. /mnt /cdrom *(ro) b. /mnt /cdrom *(r) c. /mnt /cdrom * d. /mnt /cdrom Question 2 Which of the following files defines how FTP connection requests are processed by the TCP Wrapper? a. ftpusers b. inetd. conf c. ftpaccess d. xferlog Question 3 Which of the following devices would be the first SCSI hard disk on a Linux system? . /dev/sd0 b. /dev/sd1 c. /dev/sda d. /dev/sdb Question 4 With a umask value of 112, what are the default permissions assigned to newly created files? a. —x–x-wx b. -rw-rw-r– c. -r-xr-x-r– d. -rw-rw—- Question 5 You are installing Linux on a machine that has had a handful of other operating systems on it previously. During the installation, it becomes apparent that LILO cannot write to the master boot record because another boot loader is already there. What utility should you use to reinstall the MBR and remove what is already there? a. fsck /mbr b. fdisk /mbr . /etc/disktab /mbr d. /sbin/lilo /mbr Question 6 The former administrator of Mercury Technical is no longer employed there. You are the new administrator, but do not know the root password. If you boot into single user mode, you can change the root password, but what command must you give at a LILO prompt to be able to do this? a. linux single b. linux passwd c. linux 3 d. linux one Question 7 You wish to find all the three-letter files in the current directory that end with the letter y. What command should you use? a. ls *y b. ls *y* c. ls y d. ls y* Question 8 Karl has been loaned a machine from the lab to use in evaluating a project he is working on. He is told that there is a known problem on this machine with the ATAPI. Which of the following devices will this problem be most likely to affect? a. Modem b. Sound card c. Video display d. CD-ROM Question 9 Leroy must create a boot disk on his Red Hat workstation. Which utility can he use to accomplish this? a. makedisk b. mkbootdisk c. /sbin/lilo -b d. makeroot Question 10 Kristin is the DHCP administrator for her network. She needs to install the DHCP client software on a number of new machines that have arrived. What package should she install? a. pump b. Squid c. Apache d. Swatch Question 11 Which utility is available in many Linux implementations for use in configuring the sound card? a. sndadmin b. sndmin c. sndconfig d. radius Question 12 Which configuration file is used to identify where system messages are recorded? a. logrotate. conf b. syslog. conf c. conf. modules d. modules. conf Question 13 What search criteria would best be used to find the lines within the MERCURY file about â€Å"clients†? a. grep clients MERCURY b. find clients MERCURY c. sed clients MERCURY d. search clients MERCURY Question 14 Which of the files holds configuration information on how to manage terminal devices (respawn them)? a. /etc/initd b. /etc/inetd c. /etc/inittab d. /dev/inetd Question 15 Which of the following types of modems should be avoided for use with the Linux operating system? a. Internal PCI/ISA b. External Serial c. Winmodems d. Cable Question 16 By default, which of the following files would constitute the Apache document root? a. smb. conf b. httpd. conf c. apache. conf d. index. html Question 17 Which command can be used to rearrange the order of jobs in a spooling queue awaiting printing? . lpc b. lpstat c. lpq d. lpr Question 18 Which field of the /etc/passwd file holds the passwords for users? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth Question 19 It is 3:00 and you are late for a meeting. You need to start the qwerty utility before heading to the meeting so it will run for the next few hours and compile weekly system usage results. Currently you are logged in as a regular user, but the qw erty script requires root permission to run. How should you execute the script? a. su ; qwerty b. su qwerty c. su –c qwerty d. su : qwerty Question 20 Which file system can you not use with the mount utility? a. msdos b. coda c. autofs d. swap Question 21 Which of the following will set the variable DAY equal to FRIDAY? a. DAY FRIDAY b. DAY=FRIDAY c. DAY:FRIDAY d. $DAY FRIDAY Question 22 Which utility can be used to list modules, remove modules, and add modules? a. modprobe b. insmod c. rmmod d. depmod Question 23 A process with a PID number of 1777 has entered runaway mode. You have tried to remove it with a standard kill command, but it will not go away. What command can you use to be assured the process will terminate? a. ill –NOW 1777 b. kill –HUP 1777 c. kill –15 1777 d. kill –9 1777 Question 24 Which of the following runlevels will reboot the system? a. 0 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 Question 25 You wish to extract an archive from a tape. The archive was created using tar, and you want to copy all the contents from the tape back to the system. What one option must you use with tar to accomplish this? a. c b. x c . v d. r Answers 1. A. The command needs to mount the CD drive (/mnt /cdrom) and make it available to all users (*) in read-only mode (ro). When combined together, this makes the command: /mnt /cdrom *(ro) . B. The /etc/inetd. conf file defines how FTP connection requests are processed by the TCP Wrapper. The /etc/ftpusers file is used to list users who cannot use FTP, whereas /etc/ftpaccess lists rules for users who can access FTP. The /var/log/xferlog holds information about file transfers that have occurred. 3. C. The first SCSI hard disk would be referenced as /dev/sda, while the second would be /dev/sdb, and so on. 4. C. The default permissions for newly created files are 666 (-rw-rw-rw-). The umask value is subtracted from the default, leaving a permission of 554 (-r-xr-xr–). 5. B. The fdisk utility is used to format the disk, and the /mbr option is used to wipe out and clean the existing master boot record. None of the other utilities listed have a /mbr option, making them all incorrect choices. 6. A. You must boot into single user mode at the LILO prompt, and the command to do such is linux single. 7. C. The question mark (? ) stands for any single character. Since you are looking only for three letter names, and you know the last letter to be a â€Å"y†, you must specify any two characters (by using two question marks), followed by the known letter ( y). 8. D. The ATAPI interface is used for devices such as IDE and EIDE. The most likely device within the choices presented to utilize such an interface is the CD-ROM. 9. B. The mkbootdisk utility (found in /sbin) is used to create the boot disk. 10. A. The pump package provides the DHCP/BOOTP client needed to obtain dynamic addresses from a DHCP server. Squid is a proxy package, whereas Apache is used to provide Web services. Swatch is a Perl script that is used to monitor log files. 11. C. The sndconfig utility is used to install and configure sound cards on Linux. 12. B. The /etc/syslog. onf file holds configuration information for system logging. 13. A. To look within a file for matching text, the grep utility is used. The syntax is: grep {what you are looking for} {where you are looking for it} 14. C. The /etc/inittab file holds the initialization table and states that terminal devices should be respawned when terminated (/etc/getty). 15. C. Winmodems use a portion of the Windows opera ting system to operate properly and are notoriously incompatible with most Linux implementations. 16. B. The default document root under Apache is the /etc/httpd/conf/httpd. conf file. 17. A. The lpc utility can be used to rearrange jobs awaiting printing as well as disable/enable a printer or queue and find the status of printers. 18. B. The first field of the /etc/passwd file is the username, while the second holds the password. The third field holds the unique ID number, and the fourth contains the group ID number. 19. C. The –c option with su will prompt you for the root user’s password. Once given, it will then run the command given as the root user. 20. D. The mount utility can be used with any supported filesystem (viewable from the man page for mount) except swap. 21. B. To set a variable equal to a value, merely type it using the syntax: variable=value 22. A. The modprobe command can be used with options to be able to list (-l) or remove modules (-r). By default, it is used to add modules. 23. D. The –9 signal is the most lethal, and will terminate the process immediately. All other signals are weaker than –9. There is no such signal as NOW (choice A). 24. D. Changing to a runlevel of 6 will take the system down and then bring it back up again – effectively performing a warm boot of the system. 25. B. The x option is used with tar to extract a file.

CFA review Essay

CFA review Essay CFA review Essay Los 58 Introduction to the measurement of interest rate risk A. Full valuation approach &the duration/convexity approach a. The full valuation approach (scenario analysis approach) – based on applying the valuation techniques for a given change in the yield. a.i. ç› ´Ã¦Å½ ¥Ã¥ °â€ ytmçš„å ËœÃ¥Å'â€"åŠ  Ã¥â€¦ ¥valuation model çÅ"‹å ¯ ¹priceçš„å ËœÃ¥Å'â€"ï ¼Å'Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ºÅ½Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨ ¦ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨ ¯â€¢ a.ii. Stress testing a bond portfolio – using this approach with extreme changes in interest rates a.iii. Can be used to evaluate the price effects of more complex interest rate scenarios,å€ ¾Ã¥ â€˜Ã¥ â€¢Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¥ â€¢Ã¤ ¸â€option freeçš„bond a.iv. Example é ¢ËœÃ§â€º ®Ã§ »â„¢Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¦  ¡Ã¤ » ¶Ã¯ ¼Å¡N,PMT,FV,Y/I ïÆ'   Cpt PV è ¦ Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¦â€ ¹Ã¥ ËœY/I xxbpsï ¼Å'Ã¥ ¯ ¹PVçš„å ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã¯ ¼Å'ç› ´Ã¦Å½ ¥Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¨ ® ¡Ã§ ®â€"çš„æâ€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã¦â€ ¹Y/IÃ¥  ³Ã¥  ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã¥Å½Å¸Ã¤ » ·Ã¦   ¼Ã§â€º ¸Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¨ ¾Æ' b. Duration/convexity approach – approximation of the actual interest rate sensitivity of a bond or bond portfolio. (ç› ¸Ã¥ ¯ ¹full valuation ç ®â‚¬Ã¥ â€¢Ã¯ ¼Å'only for estimating the effects of parallel yield curve shifts) c. Higher(lower) coupon means lower(higher)duration Longer(shorter) maturity means higher(lower)duration Higher(lower) market yield mean lower(higher)duration B. Positive convexity and negative convexity a. Option-free bond has positive convexity – curve is convex (toward the origin) price increases more when yield fall than it decreases when yields rise. (ç ¬â€˜Ã¨â€ž ¸Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ · ¦Ã¥ Å Ã¨ ¾ ¹) b. Duration of a bond is the slop of the price-yield function (å’Å'å‰ Ã©  ¢Ã§Å¡â€žA-cè â€Ã§ ³ »)ä »Å½Ã¥ · ¦Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥  ³Ã§ § »Ã¦â€" ¶slopeä ¸â€¹Ã©â„¢  c. Callable bonds, prepayable securities, and negative convexity c.i. Callable bond and prepayable securities have upside price appreciation, so price rise at a decreasing rate to decrease yield negative convexity c.ii. At lower yield the callable bond æ˜ ¯negative convexity, at higher yield the callable bond is positive convexity ï ¼Ë†Ã¤ ¹â„¢Ã¥ ­â€"ï ¼â€° c.iii. At low yield Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¦Å"‰å  ¯Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¨ ¢ «call, 则æÅ"‰risk reinvest at low yield d. The price volatility characteristics of putable bond d.i. Price increases at higher yields slow and decrease at lower yield fast. (å‰ Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥ Å½Ã¦â€¦ ¢) C. Effective duration of a bond a. Effective duration – the avg of price change in response to equal increase Effective duration = / D. çŸ ¥Ã© â€œeffective duration and change in yield, ç ®â€"percentage price change a. Percentage change in bond price = -effective duration *change in yield in percentage E. Definition of duration &Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¤ ½â€¢Ã©â‚¬â€šÃ§â€ ¨Ã¤ ºÅ½embedded option a. Macaulay duration – estimate of a bond’s interest rate sensitivity based on the time, in years, until promised cash flows will arrive. (适ç” ¨Ã¤ ºÅ½option free) b. Effective duration was appropriate for bonds with embedded options because the input (price) were calculated under the assumption that the cash flows could vary at different yields because of the embedded options in the securities. c. Modified duration = Macaulay duration/(1+periodic market yield) d. Interpreting duration d.i. Duration is the slope of the price-yield curve at the bond’s current YTM (first derivative) d.ii. A weighted average of the time(in yrs)until each cash flow will be received d.iii. Approximate percentage change in price for a 1% change in yield. F. Calculate the duration of portfolio a. Portfolio duration= æ ³ ¨Ã¦â€ž Ã§ ®â€"weightçš„æâ€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§â€ ¨(par value*market price)/total par*maket b. Limitation of portfolio duration: yields may not change equally on all the bonds in the portfolio (所ä » ¥Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â‚¬â€šÃ§â€ ¨Ã¤ ºÅ½parallel change in yield curve) G. Convexity a. Convexity is a measure of the curvature of the price-yield curve. (Ã¥ ¼ §Ã¥ º ¦Ã¨ ¶Å Ã¥ ¤ §convexityè ¶Å Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¯ ¼Å'则ä ¸Å½duration所é ¢â€žÃ¦ µâ€¹Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¦  ¥Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ » ·Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ · ®Ã¥Ë† «Ã¨ ¶Å Ã¥ ¤ §) b. ç” ¨duration and convexity é ¢â€žÃ¦ µâ€¹price Percentage change in price=duration effect +convexity effect ={[-duration*Δy]+[convexity*(Δy)^2]}*100 c. Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"Ã¥  ªÃ¦Å"‰durationï ¼Å'underestimate of the percentage increase in the bond price when yields fell, overestimate of the percentage decrease in the bond price when yield rose. [check p145 figure 4] d. For callable bond, convexity can be negative at low yield. Convexity adjustment will be negative for both yield increase and yield decrease. H. Modified convexity and effective convexity a. Effective convexity takes into account change in cash flows due to embedded options, while modified convexity does not, since it is based on

Elements Named for Places - Element Toponyms

Elements Named for Places - Element Toponyms This is an alphabetical list of element toponyms or elements named for places or regions. Ytterby in Sweden has given its name to four elements: Erbium, Terbium, Ytterbium, and Yttrium. Americium – America, the AmericasBerkelium – University of California at BerkeleyCalifornium – State of California and University of California at BerkeleyCopper - probably named for CyprusDarmstadtium – Darmstadt, GermanyDubnium – Dubna, RussiaErbium – Ytterby, a town in SwedenEuropium – EuropeFrancium – FranceGallium – Gallia, Latin for France. Also named for Lecoq de Boisbaudran, the elements discoverer (Lecoq in Latin is gallus)Germanium – GermanyHafnium – Hafnia, Latin for CopenhagenHassium – Hesse, GermanyHolmium – Holmia, Latin for StockholmLutetium – Lutecia, an ancient name for ParisMagnesium – Magnesia prefecture in Thessaly, GreecePolonium – PolandRhenium – Rhenus, Latin for the Rhine, a German provinceRuthenium – Ruthenia, Latin for RussiaScandium – Scandia, Latin for ScandinaviaStrontium – Strontian, a town in ScotlandTerbium  œ Ytterby, SwedenThulium – Thule, a mythical island in the far north (perhaps in Scandinavia)Ytterbium – Ytterby, SwedenYttrium – Ytterby, Sweden

The community paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The community paramedic - Essay Example Better known as â€Å"the flu,† influenza is a viral respiratory disease of the upper respiratory system (Lowen, Mubareka, Steel & Palese, 2007). If unchecked, it may develop into pneumonia or other serious conditions, especially in the case of pregnant women, younger children, older adults, and people suffering health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and asthma, which compromise the immune system. It is seasonal, running from fall to spring and reaching its peak during winter. Influenza A, B, and C viruses cause the seasonal flu, which has virus strains that mutate every year. This necessitates development of a new flu vaccine every year. The symptoms for the seasonal flu include moderate-to-high fever; dry and hacking cough; shaking chills; sore throat; headache; severe body and muscle aches; profound fatigue; and runny/stuffy nose. The common cold is named as such because it infects far more people than the seasonal flu (Singh & Das, 2011). The common cold, however, does not result in respiratory conditions, and its mild symptoms may take up to two weeks to subside. It can result from more than 100 varying viruses. Among the most common of these viruses is the highly contagious rhinovirus that causes sneezing and sniffling. Other viruses include respiratory syncytial viruses and coronaviruses. A majority of common colds occur in low humidity areas, especially during winter and fall months. The symptoms of the common cold include sore throat, stuffy/running nose, mild-to-moderate fever, sneezing, headache or body aches, cough, and mild fatigue. Community paramedics have an overall role of ensuring continual improvement of the healthcare system in a community. They assist in monitoring of influenza vaccination programs through assessment, whereby they ensure regular collection, collation, analysis and distribution of information on influenza vaccination programs

The indian Ocean History of Global Trading in Pearls and Silk and its Essay

The indian Ocean History of Global Trading in Pearls and Silk and its Impact on Cultures - Essay Example This realization becomes evident through the analysis of global interdependence between countries for commodities in trend during the early Roman kingdom of the first century c.e. It is very exiting to know that trade through the Indian Ocean was in full swing even in ancient times when there were no ships and other secure means of transportation of goods through the sea-channels. It was the monsoon system that made navigation easy from one part of the world to another through sea route. The Arab and Indian mariners had full knowledge of the flow of monsoon winds, helping the sailing of boats carrying goods for shipping in the Indian Ocean. Later, this knowledge got transferred to mariners from Ptolemaic Egypt. Winds in winter time blow from the northeast uninterruptedly and in summer they come from the southwest. This awareness of the monsoon cycle helped sailors to roam about everywhere across the Indian Ocean (The Formation of Classical Societies 159). Global trade was on the high at the finish of the first century B.C. among the five close rulers of that time: the Roman kingdom, the Parthian kingdom, the Kushan kingdom, the nomadic alliance of Xiongnu, and the Han Kingdom. Global trading routes were created from the Greco-Roman city of Antioch, passing through the Syrian Desert through Palmyra to Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital city, finally reaching Seleucia, situated on the Tigris River, as one can see from the map below (Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art par. 1). Eastern side of the old world reachable to travelers in the first century  A.D. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hg/hg_d_trade_d2map.gif The most critical port situated on the Persian Gulf, becoming a medium of distribution of commodities, was the port of Spasinu Charax, as shown in the map above (on the left of the Parthian Empire). The whole of Parthian kingdom, starting from the Tigris to Ctesiphon to Euphrates to Dura-Europos, and also covering the connected cities of the Arabian and Syr ian Desert were supplied the goods shipped via the oceanic route. A number of land passages also got stationed at ports situated on the eastern Mediterranean, as from here the goods used to be supplied to adjacent cities (Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art par. 2). The Roman maritime trade routes with the East via Red Sea got dense, initiating commercial growth but from the culture point of view, trade in eastern commodities was seen in the kind of a fiscal crisis and moral risk. Financially, the trade with India was causing huge deficit to the Roman economy in the first century c.e. Commodities trade of the Roman Empire with India was seen more risky for creating ethical meaning of going against the philosophy of stoicism than treading on an economic danger zone. The cause behind this ethical consideration was that Romans considered fashion-related commodities such as silk and precious gem stones to be more objectionable to their philosophy of stoicism than pepper, as use of lu xury commodities indicated the human degeneration that Roman stoicism wanted to maintain distance with (Fitzpatrick 31). As the two commodities discussed include pears and silk, it would be pertinent to know how they were harvested and produced in the ancient times. There has been a history behind the finding of pearls and using them as an item of beauty enhancing jewelry. The Gulf of Mannar is understood to be one of the areas where pearls used to be harvested

Religion is the Cause of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion is the Cause of War - Essay Example They may have heard the news about religious wars and conflicts, and they themselves may have come to believe that religion is the reason behind civil war conflicts and even internationally known incidents like the 911 terror attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001. Nevertheless, they may not exactly know why this is so or what exactly is going on in the minds of religious terrorists or those people who wage war and conflict in the name of religion or God. The paper is therefore intended for them in order to enlighten them and strengthen their belief in the idea that religion is indeed a significant and primary cause of war. The reasons in order to establish this thesis are to be presented as ideas of individual experts on the topic. The expected response is a greater awareness of the idea and development of a mind which is independent of religious influence. The less religion can get into one’s psyche, the less chances it will encourage one towards conflict. The point that the presentation is aiming at is that sociologically and psychologically, religion is a major cause of war. According to Jonathan Fox (2004), who is a lecturer of political studies in Bar-Ilan University in Maryland, and who was Ph.D. in Government and Politics, which he received from the University of Maryland, religion causes war because it is modernity that has triggered its role. Although many theorists thought that religion would disappear or would somehow dissolve into something insignificant because of the advent of modernization, religion has somehow even attained a stronger role in society more than ever. There are various reasons and evidence presented by Fox in order to establish his point. First, efforts at modernization have actually failed in many countries of the Third World where modernization was introduced. The western secular ideologies introduced by modernization have actually caused a backlash in these areas of the world. The reason for this is the strong religi ous culture of the Third World, which is mostly tribal in nature and mostly highly specific among natives, which means that they may not include an extremely large community of believers like Christians. Actually, tribal groups like those of African tribes and even some cults have members who are more loyal to their groups than those belonging to large religions like Christianity and Islam. This is something that proponents of modernization failed to see. Modernization has actually therefore failed to anticipate the role of traditional lifestyles, morals and community values. These things actually strengthen the community and religious spirit of the people who are members of these religious tribal groups. That is why the more these groups are threatened by modernization, the more religious they will tend to be and the more violent or defensive they may become in order to defend their identity. This means that anything that condemns or threatens the stability of these small religions is actually conflict. The more these religions are threatened, the more violent the members become and the more they tend to cause conflict and war. One last point that Fox (2004) emphasizes is that the newfound freedom that democracy has afforded the common individual when it comes to choosing his religion has actually made people increase in their religiosity. This means that people who have freely chosen their systems of faith actually have a greater reason for defending their religion for defending it means defending their choice, as choice often reflects one’

Nineteen Eighty Four Essay Example for Free

Nineteen Eighty Four Essay Nineteen Eighty Four is George Orwells nightmare vision of the future. Written in 1948, at the end of World War II, Orwell simply switched numbers for his future view. The opening chapter is very effective in the way that it straight away lets the reader know the style of the novel. The opening is a description of post-war London, and the introduction of the main character. Orwell saw the evil in the war just passed, and wrote about it. The imagery used can all be linked to the war or London. The novel is not personal, with more reference to the party and regimes, Orwell was a political writer, an extreme socialist. He is criticizing any political regime, socialist or fascist. Right from the outset the author intends to draw attention to the setting. The chapter is typical of the book as a whole; describing Orwells dystopia. The main character we are first introduced to is Winston Smith. This is a common, English name, showing that Winston is in no way separate from the majority. The name Winston can be linked to Winston Churchill, who had just lead England through the war. Along with the name, Winston is not presented as a hero, as one would expect of a main character. Winston is thirty nine and had a varicose ulcer above his right ankle and is incredibly unfit, resting several times on his way up the stairs. We are not, however, given a personality for our hero; we have to wait until part II of the novel to get personal detail. The opening passage introduces us to life for Winston. The settings described are not pleasant. Outside, there is a vile wind and a swirl if gritty dust. Inside Victory Mansions, where Winston resides, for it cannot be said that he lives, it is not much better. The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. This gives the impression of rotting and deterioration. Everything is rationed; this is a reference to the war. The present electric current was cut off during daylight hours. Winston uses blunt razor blades and coarse soap. There is no colour described in the opening, the picture of the settings in the readers mind are black and white, therefore giving a sense of a grey, unhappy world. The people of London are not free. There is an imposing poster everywhere one turned, bearing the caption, BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. The man in the poster, the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features could very well be Hitler or Stalin, another reference to the war. There is a sense of being watched, the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. The notion of Big Brother is introduced to us in the first ten lines of the novel, this clearly shows us where Orwells intentions lie. We are introduced to the concept of Hate Week, although no further detail is given. Orwell writes of it as though it is an every day event and nothing obscure should be thought of it. Big Brother is the antithesis of Winston, strong and powerful vs. frail and weak. The reader gets the impression Winston could never overthrow the party, although we are not yet introduced to his rebellious side as he does not yet have a character. We are introduced to the party slogans. The set out of them is a triangle, representing hierarchy, authority. The words are oxymorons, War and Peace, Freedom and Slavery, Ignorance and Strength. The words are ironic when used next to each other. They are each the antithesis of the other. If you take away peoples knowledge, you can tamper with their minds, as shown in the last slogan. Once inside Winstons flat, we are introduced to the telescreens, furthering the notion that no one is free. There are helicopters that look into the houses and the telescreens that watch you. There is a description of a dulled mirror but mirrors cannot be dull, or the view would be distorted, this is another message from Orwell showing us nothing was clear. We get more description of Winston, still nothing personal, and still anti-heroic, a smallish, frail figure, the meagerness of his body merely emphasized by the blue overalls which were the uniform of the party. We get the impression he is not well. Everything he can see from his window is unpleasant, the world looked cold, it was torn and harsh. References to the war are frequent. The Ninth Three-Year Plan is ironic, because it would not be possible, and the Three-Year Plan relates to the plan Germany had after the war. The houses are describes as rotting, and their sides shored up with baulks of timber, their windows patched with cardboard and their roofs with corrugated iron. This is war-torn London. The place Winston lives, Oceania is at war. Orwell suggests the war is just a tool used by the party to keep the people oppressed. We are introduced to the Ministries. Their descriptions are the antithesis of the houses described. They are described as startlingly different and they are a wonder to look at. The Ministries are of Truth, Love, Peace and Plenty. The irony lies in the fact that the Ministry of love was the frightening one. Things were done with military precision, even the time is in twenty-four hour clock. The Ministries were guarded by uniformed, armed guards, gorilla-faced guards. Orwell uses alliteration to emphasize how imposing and horrible they looked. Another war image. The opening chapter is very effective in making the reader wan to read on, as it makes you feel you are reading history. This is because we are reading with hindsight. The reader feels they want to get to know Winston better because of what they have so far read. Orwell is effective is his opening because the settings are so well described that you instantly get a mental picture and are intrigued by the contrast between the war-torn London so well known and the surreal idea of helicopters looking in windows. It makes the reader wonder what might have happened had the war turned out differently, and Orwells Big Brother, Hitler or Stalin, had been successful.

The Three Great Compromises :: essays research papers

The Three Great Compromises The United States of America was founded on the basis of compromise, but what does compromise really mean? According to the Webster's New World Dictionary compromise means "an adjustment of opposing principles". Political systems use compromises in daily life. The Three Great Compromises that occurred early in this nation's government were the Connecticut Compromise, the 3/5 Compromise, and finally the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. Were it not for these compromises the United States could still be governed under the Articles of Conferderation. The Connecticut Compromise was the most important compromise in the history of the U.S. government. The representatives from each state were going to change the government totally, from powerful state governments to a powerful central government, which they vowed not to do when they declared independence from England. Rhode Island was so disgusted with the idea of changing the government that they did not even come to the meeting. Finally after all the debating and each state getting their say, they "compromised" on a plan where they would have two governmental houses, one being the House of Representatives and the second being the Senate, with the Senate being the stronger of the two houses. The House of Representatives was based on each state's population, that is the more people in the state the more representatives that state would get. The Senate said that regardless of the state's population each state would get two representatives all with equal say. The 3/5 Compromise was mainly about slaves. The issue in this compromise was should slaves be counted for determining representation for each state? The North did not want them to be counted because they were considered possessions, not citizens, and that meant less representation for them. The South, on the other hand, wanted them to be counted because that meant that they could pass laws more beneficial to the South since they would have more representation. So they "compromised" and said that each slave counted 3/5 of a person. The final compromise was the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. The issue here was should Congress be able to regulate trade and should the United States continue with slave trading? The North felt that Congress should control trade and put an end to slave trading. The South was fearful of Northern jealousy of Southern agriculture trade with England, and the South was also wary of Congress

Typography

Typefaces vary greatly – they have different looks and deferent meanings for people. Certain typefaces are very formal and elegant; others are casual and relaxed. Some typefaces suggest antiquity; others are very modern. The point is that, Just as the size of the television screen affects television programs, so do the typefaces chosen affect how people will Interpret a given message. † (Berger 2008) Here are 4 example of typography that I will explore In the essay. First, we have the phase Happy Birthday. This example of happy birthday is a happy feeling for a hill's birthday.It gives the impression of fun, excitement. The use of purple let you know that this will be a little girl's party. You can use bright purple when promoting children's products. â€Å"We are affected by the size of a given typeface because size affects the way we respond to the design of individual letters† (Berger 2008). This is why I decided to use a large type size for this phase. Happy B irthday Magnolia Grove Bed ; Breakfast Jackson, Mississippi This example Is a way to combine typefaces with similar proportions. â€Å"ProportionsInvolves how they relate to one another In general, relative to the size or area of the visual field being 200). Here, two hard-w;irking typefaces assigned supporting roles: the Brush Script MET that serves as the spotlight by appearing big and the Basketballs Old Face serves for text. Love is patient and kind This example of script font is elegant and formal. This typography is a design that you would use for a wedding. Script fonts are usually use for formal invitation such as wedding invitations such as wedding, formal dinner parties or in my case I use this font when I am scrapbook.This typography has a feminine feel to me Mexico This example really reminds me of a Mexico. The bold color of red Is an example of all the bright and bold colors of Mexico. Why is typography important? Typography has many advantages and its use has Decode Important Tort various communications on a global level. Learn more auto why the use of type is a staple in everyday life and how its use is something on which we all rely. Reference Berger, A. (2008). Seeing is Believing: An Introduction to Visual Communication (3rd deed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill

Inter-Professional Working Essay

The intention of this essay is to explore inter professional working and the impact it has on the quality of health care delivered within a mental health setting. For this purpose I have reflected on a previous placement where I worked in an acute mental health treatment ward and on the formative assessment assigned to me within this module. Inter professional working in a health care setting involves different health care professionals working together in a collaborative fashion, this ensures the highest quality of care is delivered to service users (Day, J 2005). It is suggested that the collaborative nature of inter professional working will lead to information and knowledge being shared amongst professionals within a team, which will ultimately lead to improved judgement when providing care and creating a higher bench mark for quality care (DOH 2007). In the NHS, it is stated that quality is defined by doing the right thing in the right way at the right time in the right place with the right result (NHS 2012). Lord Darzi’s High Quality Care for all (2008) states that delivering quality healthcare includes providing patients and the public with effective safety, cleanliness, delivery of care as well as a good patient experience and the consideration of patient dignity and respect . To assure that quality care is being provided, quality is externally and internally measured and evaluated. Within a healthcare setting it is measured at three levels. The national level includes audits, staff surveys, patient surveys and mortality and morbidity rates. The strategic level includes clinical governance, benchmarking and meetings amongst high level staff. The clinical level includes protocols, care pathways, complaints made by patients and infection control (CQC 2011). Within the NHS another element in the provision of quality, is the implementation of national service frameworks. These are implemented to make sure clear quality requirements are set and that the most up to date evidence based practice is working effectively in a given setting (DOH 2011). Following exploration of the literature for interprofessional working, three key issues identified are communication, culture and knowledge of professional roles (Pollard, K et al 2005). In regards to communication with in the team, to be able to provide holism in regards to a patients care all professionals within the team must engage in clear and open communication (Ellis. R et al 2003). It is essential that all of the professionals’ views and perspectives are heard and taken into consideration when implementing care. Although there are clear advantages to open communication there are often barriers that inhibit this practice. Lack of knowledge or the stereotyping of other professions can lead to ideas, recommendations and perspectives of an individual not being heard or taken into consideration. This can ultimately affect the quality of care delivered to a service user (Barret,G et al 2005). In order to overcome such barriers, trust and respect of fellow professionals must be present. If the environment is lacking in trust and respect, it may result in professionals protecting their roles and justifying actions. This can then result in a closed working environment, where professionals do not learn from shared experiences and constructive criticism is not welcomed. Collectively this can impede on the holistic and collaborative nature required in the delivery of healthcare (Day, J 2005). In order to approach care holistically, each member of the interprofessional team must have awareness and knowledge of the different professional roles within the team. This is due to the fact that conducting a holistic assessment is beyond the scope of any individual professional. Lack of knowledge of the roles of other professions and the boundaries of an individual’s role can lead to specific areas of care not being delivered to its highest quality (Wilcock, M et al. 2009). Professional culture can affect the delivery of quality care as the norms and values of different professional groups maybe in contrast with one another. This can lead to a disagreement or conflict when discussing and planning the approach when devising a plan to deliver patient care. However these differences between professional s can have a positive effect on the formulation and direction of service delivery (Day, J 2005). Taking into account the different ideals and perspectives can lead to a comprehensive and thorough assessment of a service user needs thus optimizing the quality of care provided. Within professional cultures there is often the use of unique jargon. Amongst an interprofessional team this can lead to barriers to effective communication which could ultimately lead to a lesser quality of care delivered. In order to overcome this obstacle members within the interprofessional team need to be self-aware of the language they are using to avoid causing confusion amongst professionals (Ellis. R et al .2003). On consideration of my placement in an acute psychiatric ward, I reflected on the interactions amongst the members of the interprofessional team. The role of the acute psychiatric ward was to provide treatment to service users aged eighteen to fifty five with conditions ranging from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective, depression, mania, eating disorders and borderline personality disorders. Due to the wide range of disorders and the complex care that is often required to treat service users holistically there were often more than one professional within the interprofessional team that was involved in a service users care (NICE 2011). The professionals that were involved in this wards care whilst I was on placement were Nurses, Occupational therapists, Psychiatrists, Pharmacists, Social workers, Dietitians and Psychologists. Due to the differing nature of each of these professions, unique perspectives of the service user and their needs are assessed and an adequate and holistic care plan could be implemented. Key information was often passed on, an example I observed was in regards to eating plans from the Dietitan passed on to the nursing staff for eating disorder patients. From my perspective as a student mental health nurse whilst on the ward it became apparent that professional culture and ideologies of the professions often came in conflict with each other. I observed this when decisions needed to be made, there was often a professional that had to compromise their views. Interprofessional working at times also had a negative effect on the service users. In one instance a patient was on continuous observations by two staff due to recent multiple suicide attempts, it was agreed amongst nursing staff that the service user only had essential items and was not allowed anything that could be potentially harmful to herself. Although this was agreed amongst nursing staff the policy did not state any specifics that were not allowed, it did however state that it would be at the discretion of the professional at the time that is carrying out the continuous observation. This ultimately led to conflict when the occupational therapist allowed the service user to use paints, pencils, and paint brushes. On reflection this was not conducive to the recovery or mental state of the service user due to lack of consistency from staff that were looking after her. Barrett, G et al (2005) states that the power share amongst the interprofessional team is an important issue as an unequal power share amongst the team could lead to professions oppressed and unable to have a significant input. However it is also argued that without strong leadership and direction there is no true direction to the care being delivered and professionals within the team will rely on others to take charge (DOH 2007). On the acute ward as a student nurse I found that on the surface level there was an equal power share with all the professionals having equal input. However at times it became apparent that if a decision was made that certain professions did not like, the former hierarchy system came to fruition and the grievance was taken directly to the consultant and their decision would be final. On placement I believe that professional culture was a boundary to effective communication and collaboration amongst staff. Although all patient notes were stored on RIO which is readily available to any staff involved with patient care information was never discussed openly, formally or informally between professions unless something of significance happened. The driving factor for the interprofessional team to congregate was at that point to discuss blame instead of collaborative working. Professional identity also contributed to the quality and the effectiveness of the care given in the placement setting. The very nature of the training of each professional automatically assigns a skill set, codes of practice and standards from their governing body for example the NMC (2012) or HPC (2012). Thus meaning the very nature of this governing body can often conflict with collaborative nature of an interprofessional team. My personal suggestions for my acute mental health placement would be that there are clear guidelines and policies that need to be implemented in order for seamless clinical care to be delivered amongst the professionals. This could set clear boundaries to the remit of staff’s responsibilities. I would also suggest that time for interprofessional education be available for staff so there is a sound knowledge between the professions which can lead to a greater appreciation of the care that is delivered. On reflection of my formative group assessment it became apparent that the interpretation of the task at hand was different between each of the four members of the group, this could have been due to the fact that amongst the group there were different specialities of nurses. Once this was realised the group had to meet in order for each member to be fully aware of what was expected of them. Once there was clarity in the roles of each of the members a co-ordinator was appointed for the work to be collected and arranged appropriately for the presentation. It was agreed amongst the group the order of speakers and this translated seamlessly to the presentation. It became evident after the assessment had ended that if we had not of congregated beforehand the presentation would have not been as organised and coherent as it was (appendix). In conclusion it is clear that interprofessional working plays a vital part in the effectiveness and quality of care delivered to a service user. The literature has stated that in able for quality care to be delivered there must be willing and open participation form all members of the interprofessional team to work collaboratively. Although there are many barriers to effective interprofessional working, regulating bodies such as the NMC and organisations such as NICE have initiatives and guidelines for guidance in overcoming differences and conflicts. Clearly defined roles is an importance for professionals to be able to deliver high quality care, however he very nature of interprofessional working can sometimes hinder this as the views and perspectives of a situation between different professionals conflict with each other thus potentially leading to lack of clarity when delivering care (Wilcock, M et al. 2009). These factors were often present in my own experience in the above mentioned clinical setting. It became apparent that although there was an interprofessional approach to delivering quality healthcare, there was no clear structure to the composition of the team thus leading to conflict occurring more often than effective collaboration. Reference list: Barret, g et al . (2005). 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Available: http://www.clinicalgovernance.scot.nhs.uk/section2/definition.asp. Last accessed 7th Apr 2012. NMC. (2012). The Code. Available: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/The-code/. Last accessed 07th Apr 2012 Pollard, K et al . (2005). The need for interprofessional working. In: Barret,g et al Interprofessional working in health and social care . Hampshire: Palgrave. P5-7. Wilcock, M et al. (2009). Health care improvement and continuing interprofessional education . Journal of continuing education in the health professions . 29 (2), p84-90