Read the Ethnography Shadowed lives (undocumented immigrants in Essay

Read the Ethnography Shadowed lives (undocumented immigrants in American society) by Leo R. Chavez and use it to discuss social institution supported by case studies - Essay Example The paper refers to the case studies mentioned by Leo Chavez (1997: 121-140), in which the author has discussed the pathetic financial condition of the people of South America and the methodologies they adopt to escape financial miseries. In his work â€Å"Shadowed Lives†, Chavez has also pointed out the efforts and struggle made by these individuals in order to come out of their pecuniary embarrassments by migrating towards North America by hook or crook. He has indicated towards the illegal migrants living in the USA for financial purposes. He views that Mexicans have highest proportion of migration to San Diego and other states of the USA. Chavez is of the opinion that since man maintains strong and unconditional emotional ties with his family; he is always determined to work for the uplift of his family members. Since man cannot live far from his family for long, he also strives to bring his family in the same prosperous areas and states of the USA, where he has gone for job or labor. The rapid migration leads to cause social and cultural imbalances in the population statistics of the entire region on the one hand, and accelerates the level of struggle and miseries of the undocumented immigrants on the other. The illegal or undocumented population faces unabated problems in society, and has to bribe the security personnel for re-crossing the state boundaries to meet their family members. It has aptly been stated that family has been the most fundamental institution of every society and culture of the globe at large since ever, which is responsible for the fulfillment of man’s all basic needs and desires. Man is born and dies in family, and obtains food, clothes, shelter, protection and emotional support from this basic institution of society. The family is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating Research Paper

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating - Research Paper Example Further these qualities are also indicators of the physiological characteristics and genotype of the male partner and thus have high likelihood of influencing female choice. However the study of birdsong and its evolutionary significance in influencing female choice is yet at its infancy. Many new aspects are beginning to emerge. Deriving conclusions and making generalization at this stage would be inappropriate and inaccurate. MALE BIRD SONG EVOLVES IN ORDER TO ATTRACT A FEMALE FOR MATING INTRODUCTION Birdsong can be defined as long complex vocalizations produced mainly in breeding season (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). The best known birds in terms of their singing abilities are oscine birds, also referred to as passerines or perching birds. They belong to the order Passeriformes and are classified on the basis of their unique musculature of the syrinx or the vocal organ (Warner, 1972). In most of the temperate species of passerines, the males are exclusively the singers. The male bird sings either as a means of expression during male-male aggression or for attracting the female (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). ... BACKGROUND Communication is a primary requisite for functional ability. Humans must communicate to form relationships, fulfil their needs, organize and function. Animals communication is essential for food gathering, reproduction and survival; the three basic needs of all animals. However, unlike humans animals do not speak. In fact all animals possess their unique methods of communication (Hauser, 2000). Flowers send signals in form of fragrances and colour at the time of bloom to insects for pollination; meerkats communicate through scent, sounds and body language; lions communicate through body contact and sound, while birds communicate verbally through songs and coos (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). Communication systems, irrespective of nature and origin, comprise of two essential components: signal and tactical design. The signal is an important carrier of information from the sender to the receiver. In researches involving communication, study of nature of signal as an important deter minant of its goal is pursued (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). The signal evolution is in accordance with the function it is expected to perform. This is termed as strategic component of the signal (Guilford & Dawkins, 1991). Tactical design encompasses the properties of the communication determined by the transmission characteristics of the environment and the sensory and perceptual abilities of the receiver. To define the latter the term â€Å"receiver Psychology† was introduced by Guilford and Dawkins (1991) and was considered a significant determinant of the evolution of signals. Studies on bio-acoustics or animal sounds can be traced back to a research paper published by